1Password is a Canadian password manager subject to Five Eyes intelligence sharing. Proton Pass is a Swiss open-source alternative by Proton AG, end-to-end encrypted and independently audited.
Incumbent Solution
1Password is a Canadian password manager and digital vault headquartered in Toronto. While not US-based, it is subject to Five Eyes intelligence sharing agreements and stores user credentials on North American infrastructure.
1Password ownership profileEU Challenger
Proton Pass is a Swiss open-source password manager by Proton AG, end-to-end encrypted and independently audited. Integrated with the broader Proton privacy ecosystem, it is a European alternative to 1Password with full data sovereignty.
Visit Proton PassProton Pass ownership profile| Metric | 1Password | Proton Pass |
|---|---|---|
| Headquarters | Toronto, CA | Geneva, CH |
| Ownership | private | private |
| Tax Domicile | CA | CH |
| Ultimate Parent | AgileBits Inc. | Proton AG |
| Data Hosting | mixed | CH |
| CLOUD Act Exposure | Yes ⚠️ | No ✓ |
| AI Trains on User Data | no | no |
| GDPR | compliant | compliant |
| DSA Designation | na | na |
| Carbon Neutral | no | no |
| B Corp | No | No |
| Supply Chain | opaque | partial |
| Repair / Recycling | No | No |
Last verified . Sources: 1Password on Wikidata, 1Password website, Proton Pass website, How we audit.